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Robert Boyle: A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy), by Robert Boyle
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Published in 1686, this work attacked prevailing notions of the natural world that depicted "Nature" as a wise, benevolent and purposeful being. It represents one of the subtlest statements concerning the issues raised by the mechanical philosophy that emerged from the Scientific Revolution. This volume presents the first modern edition of the complete text, together with a historical introduction, a chronology of Boyle's life and notes on further reading.
- Sales Rank: #2213724 in Books
- Color: Other
- Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
- Published on: 1996-11-13
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.98" h x .47" w x 5.98" l, .66 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 212 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"This work, which admirably testifies to Boyle's equal concern for 'truth and philosophical freedom' and 'religion', deserves this new edition. And, as Davis and Hunter suggest at the end of their introduction, today an essay on the idea of nature can have more than a simple historical significance." Guido Giglioni, Isis
About the Author
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Hunter is Professor of History at Birkbeck College, University of London, and chief editorof the definitive edition of Boyle's Works (1999-2000) and Correspondence (forthcoming).
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
"Much addicted to paradoxes" (p. 4)
By Viktor Blasjo
This is a timid and superficial critique of the pre-scientific notion of nature as quasi-sentient and teleological. Much the bulk of the treatise is wasted on cautious and defensive arguments that a mechanical view of nature is not heretical, but that on the contrary it is the opposing view that is "dangerous to religion" (p. 62) whereas "I hope our doctrine ... may induce men to pay their admiration ... directly to God himself" rather than to what "men are wont to call the works of nature" (p. 163), etc., etc.
A highlight of the work, in my opinion, is this allegorical statement of the critical method: "For I am wont to judge of opinions as of coins: I consider much less, in any one that I am to receive, whose inscription it bears, than what metal it is made of. It is indifferent enough to me whether it was stamped many years or ages since, or came but yesterday from the mint. Nor do I regard through how many, or how few, hands it has passed for current, provided I know by the touchstone or any sure trial purposely made, whether or no it be genuine, and does or does not deserve to have been current. For if upon due proof it appears to be good, its having been long and by many received for such will not tempt me to refuse it. But if I find it counterfeit, neither the prince's image or inscription, nor its date (how ancient soever), nor the multitude of hands through which it has passed unsuspected will engage me to receive it. And one disfavouring trial, well made, will much more discredit it with me than all those specious things I have named can recommend it." (p. 5)
The fundamental conflict between the two views of nature is brought out by another allegory: "They seem to imagine the world to be after the nature of a puppet, whose contrivance indeed may be very artificial, but yet is such that almost every particular motion the artificer is fain (by drawing sometimes one wire or string, sometimes another) to guide, and oftentimes overrule, the actions of the engine; whereas, according to us, it is like a rare clock ... where all things are so skilfully contrived that the engine being once set a-moving, all things proceed according to the artificer's first design, and the motions of the little statues that at such hours performs these or those things do not require (like those of puppets) the peculiar interposing of the artificer or any intelligent agent employed by him, but perform their functions upon particular occasions by virtue of the general and primitive contrivance of the whole engine." (pp. 12-13)
As for the actual arguments against the teleological view of nature, they consist most importantly in "diverse phenomena which do not agree with the notion or representation of nature that I question" (p. 63), such as:
Nature abhors vacuum only inconsistently. "When a glass bubble is blown very thin at the flame of a lamp and hermetically sealed while it is very hot, the cause that is rendered why it is apt to break when it grows cold, is that the inward air (which was before rarefied by the heat), coming to be condensed by the cold, lest the space deserted by the air that thus contracts itself should be left void, nature with violence breaks the glass in pieces. But, by these learned men's favour, if the glass be blown but a little stronger than ordinary, though at the flame of a lamp, the bubble (as I have often tried) will continue unbroken, in spite of nature's pretended abhorrency of a vacuum, which needs not at all to be recurred to in the case." (p. 65) "And why does she furiously break in pieces a thin sealed bubble, such as I come from speaking of, to hinder a vacuum? If in case she did not break it, no vacuum would ensue. And on the other side, if we admit her endeavours to hinder a vacuum not to have been superfluous, and consequently foolish, we must confess that where these endeavours succeed not, there is really produced such a vacuum as she is said to abhor. So that, as I was saying, either she must be very indiscreet to trouble herself and to transgress her own ordinary laws to prevent a danger she need not fear, or her strength must be very small---that is, not able to ... break a tender glass bubble, which perhaps a pound weight on it would ... crush in pieces." (pp. 66-67)
Bouncing ball wasteful. "For if (for example) you let fall a ball upon the ground, it will rebound to a good height, proportionable to that from whence you let it fall, or perhaps will make several lesser rebounds before it come to rest. If it be now asked, why the ball, being let out of your hand, does not fall on this or that side, or move upwards, but falls directly towards the centre of the earth by that shortest line ... which is the diameter of the earth prolonged to the centre of gravity of the ball? It will be readily answered that this proceeds from the ball's gravity, i.e. an innate appetite whereby it tends to the centre of the earth the nearest way. But then I demand, whence comes this rebound, i.e. this motion upwards? For it is plain, it is the genuine consequence of the motion downwards, and therefore is increased according as that motion in the ball was increased, by falling from a greater height. So that it seems that nature does in such cases play a very odd game, since she forces a ball, against the laws of heavy bodies, to ascend divers times upwards, upon the account of that very gravity whose office it is to carry it downwards the directest way. And at least she seems, in spite of the wisdom ascribed to her, to take her measures very ill, in making the ball move downwards with so much violence, as makes it divers times fly back from the place she intended it should go to. As if a ball which a child can play with and direct as he pleases were so unwieldy a thing that nature cannot manage it, without letting it be hurried on with far greater violence than her design requires." (pp. 67-68)
Bubbles in water inconsistent with natural place theory. "For if a bubble happens to arise from the bottom of a vessel to the upper part of it, we are told that the haste wherewith the air moves through water proceeds from the appetite it has to quit that preternatural place and rejoin the element, or great mass of air detained at the very surface of the water by a very thin skin of that liquor, together with which it constitutes a bubble. Now I demand how it comes to pass, that this appetite of the air---which, when it was at the bottom of the water, and also in its passage upwards, is supposed to have enabled it to ascend with so much eagerness and force as to make its way through all the incumbent water (which possibly was very deep)---should not be able, when the air is arrived at the very top of the water, to break through so thin a membrane of water as usually serves to make a bubble, and which suffices to keep it from the beloved conjunction with the great mass of the external air, especially since they tell us that natural motion grows more quick, the nearer it comes to the end or place of rest, the appetites of bodies increasing with their approaches to the good they aspire to, upon which account falling bodies, as stones, etc., are said (though falsely) to increase their swiftness the nearer they come to the earth. But if, setting aside the imaginary appetite of the air, we attribute the ascension of bubbles to the gravity and pressure upwards of the water, it is easy hydrostatically to explicate why bubbles often move slower when they come near the surface of the water, and why they are detained there; which last phenomenon proceeds from this: that the pressure of the water being there inconsiderable, it is not able to make the air quite surmount the resistance made by the tenacity of the superficial part of the water. And therefore in good spirit of wine, whose tenacity and glutinousness is far less than that of water, bubbles rarely continue upon the surface of the liquor, but are presently broken and vanish. ... I shall add that I have often observed that water, in that state which is usually called its natural state, is wont to have store of aerial particles mingled with it ... as may appear by putting a glass full of water into the receiver of the new pneumatical engine. For the pressure of the external air being by the pump taken off, there will from time to time disclose themselves in the water a multitude of bubbles, made by the aerial particles that lay concealed in that liquor. ... so little appetite has air in general to flee all association with water and make its escape out of that liquor, though when sensible portions of it happen to be underwater, the great inequality in gravity between those two fluids makes the water press up the air." (pp. 82-83)
Nature changeable and forgetful in caring to restore springy bodies. "If, for example, you take a somewhat long and narrow plate of silver that has not been hammered or compressed ... you may bend it which way you will, and it will constantly retain the last curve figure that you gave it. But if, having again straightened this plate, you give it some smart strokes of a hammer, it will by that merely mechanical change become a springy body: so that if with your hand you force it a little from its rectitude, as soon as you remove your hand it will endeavour to regain its former straightness. ... Now upon these phenomena I demand why, if nature be so careful to restore bodies to their former state, she does not restore the silver blade or plate to its rectitude when it is bent this way or that way before it be hammered? And why a few strokes of a hammer (which, acting violently, seems likely to have put the metal into a preternatural state) should entitle the blade to nature's peculiar care, and make her solicitous to restore it to its rectitude when it is forced from it? And why, if the springy plate be again ignited and refrigerated of itself, nature abandons her former care of it, and suffers it quietly to continue in what crooked posture one pleases to put it into? ... I shall add to what I was just now saying, that even in sword blades it has been often observed that though if, soon after they are bent, the force that bent them be withdrawn, they will nimbly return to their former straightness. Yet if they ... be kept too long bent, they will lose the power of recovering their former straightness and continue in that crooked posture, though the force that put them into it cease to act. So that it seems nature easily forgets the care she was presumed to take of it at first." (pp. 86-87)
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